Source code for gtda.homology.simplicial

"""Persistent homology on point clouds or finite metric spaces."""
# License: GNU AGPLv3

from numbers import Real
from types import FunctionType

import numpy as np
from joblib import Parallel, delayed
from sklearn.base import BaseEstimator, TransformerMixin

from sklearn.metrics.pairwise import pairwise_distances
from sklearn.utils.validation import check_is_fitted

from ._utils import _postprocess_diagrams
from ..base import PlotterMixin
from ..externals.python import ripser, SparseRipsComplex, CechComplex
from ..plotting import plot_diagram
from ..utils._docs import adapt_fit_transform_docs

from ..utils.intervals import Interval
from ..utils.validation import validate_params, check_point_clouds


[docs]@adapt_fit_transform_docs class VietorisRipsPersistence(BaseEstimator, TransformerMixin, PlotterMixin): """:ref:`Persistence diagrams <persistence_diagram>` resulting from :ref:`Vietoris–Rips filtrations <vietoris-rips_complex_and_vietoris-rips_persistence>`. Given a :ref:`point cloud <finite_metric_spaces_and_point_clouds>` in Euclidean space, or an abstract :ref:`metric space <finite_metric_spaces_and_point_clouds>` encoded by a distance matrix, information about the appearance and disappearance of topological features (technically, :ref:`homology classes <homology_and_cohomology>`) of various dimension and at different scales is summarised in the corresponding persistence diagram. Parameters ---------- metric : string or callable, optional, default: ``'euclidean'`` If set to ``'precomputed'``, input data is to be interpreted as a collection of distance matrices. Otherwise, input data is to be interpreted as a collection of point clouds (i.e. feature arrays), and `metric` determines a rule with which to calculate distances between pairs of instances (i.e. rows) in these arrays. If `metric` is a string, it must be one of the options allowed by :func:`scipy.spatial.distance.pdist` for its metric parameter, or a metric listed in :obj:`sklearn.pairwise.PAIRWISE_DISTANCE_FUNCTIONS`, including "euclidean", "manhattan", or "cosine". If `metric` is a callable function, it is called on each pair of instances and the resulting value recorded. The callable should take two arrays from the entry in `X` as input, and return a value indicating the distance between them. homology_dimensions : list or tuple, optional, default: ``(0, 1)`` Dimensions (non-negative integers) of the topological features to be detected. coeff : int prime, optional, default: ``2`` Compute homology with coefficients in the prime field :math:`\\mathbb{F}_p = \\{ 0, \\ldots, p - 1 \\}` where :math:`p` equals `coeff`. max_edge_length : float, optional, default: ``numpy.inf`` Upper bound on the maximum value of the Vietoris–Rips filtration parameter. Points whose distance is greater than this value will never be connected by an edge, and topological features at scales larger than this value will not be detected. infinity_values : float or None, default: ``None`` Which death value to assign to features which are still alive at filtration value `max_edge_length`. ``None`` means that this death value is declared to be equal to `max_edge_length`. n_jobs : int or None, optional, default: ``None`` The number of jobs to use for the computation. ``None`` means 1 unless in a :obj:`joblib.parallel_backend` context. ``-1`` means using all processors. Attributes ---------- infinity_values_ : float Effective death value to assign to features which are still alive at filtration value `max_edge_length`. See also -------- SparseRipsPersistence, EuclideanCechPersistence, CubicalPersistence, ConsistentRescaling Notes ----- `Ripser <https://github.com/Ripser/ripser>`_ is used as a C++ backend for computing Vietoris–Rips persistent homology. Python bindings were modified for performance from the `ripser.py <https://github.com/scikit-tda/ripser.py>`_ package. Persistence diagrams produced by this class must be interpreted with care due to the presence of padding triples which carry no information. See :meth:`transform` for additional information. References ---------- [1] U. Bauer, "Ripser: efficient computation of Vietoris–Rips persistence \ barcodes", 2019; `arXiv:1908.02518 \ <https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.02518>`_. """ _hyperparameters = { 'metric': {'type': (str, FunctionType)}, 'homology_dimensions': { 'type': (list, tuple), 'of': { 'type': int, 'in': Interval(0, np.inf, closed='left')}}, 'coeff': {'type': int, 'in': Interval(2, np.inf, closed='left')}, 'max_edge_length': {'type': Real}, 'infinity_values': {'type': (Real, type(None))} }
[docs] def __init__(self, metric='euclidean', homology_dimensions=(0, 1), coeff=2, max_edge_length=np.inf, infinity_values=None, n_jobs=None): self.metric = metric self.homology_dimensions = homology_dimensions self.coeff = coeff self.max_edge_length = max_edge_length self.infinity_values = infinity_values self.n_jobs = n_jobs
def _ripser_diagram(self, X): Xdgms = ripser(X[X[:, 0] != np.inf], maxdim=self._max_homology_dimension, thresh=self.max_edge_length, coeff=self.coeff, metric=self.metric)['dgms'] if 0 in self._homology_dimensions: Xdgms[0] = Xdgms[0][:-1, :] # Remove final death at np.inf # Add dimension as the third elements of each (b, d) tuple Xdgms = {dim: np.hstack([Xdgms[dim], dim * np.ones((Xdgms[dim].shape[0], 1), dtype=Xdgms[dim].dtype)]) for dim in self._homology_dimensions} return Xdgms
[docs] def fit(self, X, y=None): """Calculate :attr:`infinity_values_`. Then, return the estimator. This method is here to implement the usual scikit-learn API and hence work in pipelines. Parameters ---------- X : ndarray or list Input data representing a collection of point clouds or of distance matrices. Can be either a 3D ndarray whose zeroth dimension has size ``n_samples``, or a list containing ``n_samples`` 2D ndarrays. If ``metric == 'precomputed'``, elements of `X` must be square arrays representing distance matrices; otherwise, their rows are interpreted as vectors in Euclidean space and, when `X` is a list, warnings are issued when the number of columns (dimension of the Euclidean space) differs among samples. y : None There is no need for a target in a transformer, yet the pipeline API requires this parameter. Returns ------- self : object """ validate_params( self.get_params(), self._hyperparameters, exclude=['n_jobs']) self._is_precomputed = self.metric == 'precomputed' check_point_clouds(X, distance_matrix=self._is_precomputed) if self.infinity_values is None: self.infinity_values_ = self.max_edge_length else: self.infinity_values_ = self.infinity_values self._homology_dimensions = sorted(self.homology_dimensions) self._max_homology_dimension = self._homology_dimensions[-1] return self
[docs] def transform(self, X, y=None): """For each point cloud or distance matrix in `X`, compute the relevant persistence diagram as an array of triples [b, d, q]. Each triple represents a persistent topological feature in dimension q (belonging to `homology_dimensions`) which is born at b and dies at d. Only triples in which b < d are meaningful. Triples in which b and d are equal ("diagonal elements") may be artificially introduced during the computation for padding purposes, since the number of non-trivial persistent topological features is typically not constant across samples. They carry no information and hence should be effectively ignored by any further computation. Parameters ---------- X : ndarray or list Input data representing a collection of point clouds or of distance matrices. Can be either a 3D ndarray whose zeroth dimension has size ``n_samples``, or a list containing ``n_samples`` 2D ndarrays. If ``metric == 'precomputed'``, elements of `X` must be square arrays representing distance matrices; otherwise, their rows are interpreted as vectors in Euclidean space and, when `X` is a list, warnings are issued when the number of columns (dimension of the Euclidean space) differs among samples. y : None There is no need for a target in a transformer, yet the pipeline API requires this parameter. Returns ------- Xt : ndarray of shape (n_samples, n_features, 3) Array of persistence diagrams computed from the feature arrays or distance matrices in `X`. ``n_features`` equals :math:`\\sum_q n_q`, where :math:`n_q` is the maximum number of topological features in dimension :math:`q` across all samples in `X`. """ check_is_fitted(self) X = check_point_clouds(X, distance_matrix=self._is_precomputed) Xt = Parallel(n_jobs=self.n_jobs)( delayed(self._ripser_diagram)(x) for x in X) Xt = _postprocess_diagrams(Xt, self._homology_dimensions, self.infinity_values_, self.n_jobs) return Xt
[docs] @staticmethod def plot(Xt, sample=0, homology_dimensions=None): """Plot a sample from a collection of persistence diagrams, with homology in multiple dimensions. Parameters ---------- Xt : ndarray of shape (n_samples, n_points, 3) Collection of persistence diagrams, such as returned by :meth:`transform`. sample : int, optional, default: ``0`` Index of the sample in `Xt` to be plotted. homology_dimensions : list, tuple or None, optional, default: ``None`` Which homology dimensions to include in the plot. ``None`` means plotting all dimensions present in ``Xt[sample]``. """ return plot_diagram( Xt[sample], homology_dimensions=homology_dimensions)
[docs]@adapt_fit_transform_docs class SparseRipsPersistence(BaseEstimator, TransformerMixin, PlotterMixin): """:ref:`Persistence diagrams <persistence_diagram>` resulting from :ref:`Sparse Vietoris–Rips filtrations <vietoris-rips_complex_and_vietoris-rips_persistence>`. Given a :ref:`point cloud <finite_metric_spaces_and_point_clouds>` in Euclidean space, or an abstract :ref:`metric space <finite_metric_spaces_and_point_clouds>` encoded by a distance matrix, information about the appearance and disappearance of topological features (technically, :ref:`homology classes <homology_and_cohomology>`) of various dimensions and at different scales is summarised in the corresponding persistence diagram. Parameters ---------- metric : string or callable, optional, default: ``'euclidean'`` If set to ``'precomputed'``, input data is to be interpreted as a collection of distance matrices. Otherwise, input data is to be interpreted as a collection of point clouds (i.e. feature arrays), and `metric` determines a rule with which to calculate distances between pairs of instances (i.e. rows) in these arrays. If `metric` is a string, it must be one of the options allowed by :func:`scipy.spatial.distance.pdist` for its metric parameter, or a metric listed in :obj:`sklearn.pairwise.PAIRWISE_DISTANCE_FUNCTIONS`, including "euclidean", "manhattan", or "cosine". If `metric` is a callable function, it is called on each pair of instances and the resulting value recorded. The callable should take two arrays from the entry in `X` as input, and return a value indicating the distance between them. homology_dimensions : list or tuple, optional, default: ``(0, 1)`` Dimensions (non-negative integers) of the topological features to be detected. coeff : int prime, optional, default: ``2`` Compute homology with coefficients in the prime field :math:`\\mathbb{F}_p = \\{ 0, \\ldots, p - 1 \\}` where :math:`p` equals `coeff`. epsilon : float between 0. and 1., optional, default: ``0.1`` Parameter controlling the approximation to the exact Vietoris–Rips filtration. If set to `0.`, :class:`SparseRipsPersistence` leads to the same results as :class:`VietorisRipsPersistence` but is slower. max_edge_length : float, optional, default: ``numpy.inf`` Upper bound on the maximum value of the Vietoris–Rips filtration parameter. Points whose distance is greater than this value will never be connected by an edge, and topological features at scales larger than this value will not be detected. infinity_values : float or None, default : ``None`` Which death value to assign to features which are still alive at filtration value `max_edge_length`. ``None`` means that this death value is declared to be equal to `max_edge_length`. n_jobs : int or None, optional, default: ``None`` The number of jobs to use for the computation. ``None`` means 1 unless in a :obj:`joblib.parallel_backend` context. ``-1`` means using all processors. Attributes ---------- infinity_values_ : float Effective death value to assign to features which are still alive at filtration value `max_edge_length`. Set in :meth:`fit`. See also -------- VietorisRipsPersistence, EuclideanCechPersistence, CubicalPersistence, ConsistentRescaling Notes ----- `GUDHI <https://github.com/GUDHI/gudhi-devel>`_ is used as a C++ backend for computing sparse Vietoris–Rips persistent homology. Python bindings were modified for performance. Persistence diagrams produced by this class must be interpreted with care due to the presence of padding triples which carry no information. See :meth:`transform` for additional information. References ---------- [1] C. Maria, "Persistent Cohomology", 2020; `GUDHI User and Reference \ Manual <http://gudhi.gforge.inria.fr/doc/3.1.0/group__persistent_\ cohomology.html>`_. """ _hyperparameters = { 'metric': {'type': (str, FunctionType)}, 'homology_dimensions': { 'type': (list, tuple), 'of': { 'type': int, 'in': Interval(0, np.inf, closed='left')}}, 'coeff': {'type': int, 'in': Interval(2, np.inf, closed='left')}, 'epsilon': {'type': Real, 'in': Interval(0, 1, closed='both')}, 'max_edge_length': {'type': Real}, 'infinity_values': {'type': (Real, type(None))} }
[docs] def __init__(self, metric='euclidean', homology_dimensions=(0, 1), coeff=2, epsilon=0.1, max_edge_length=np.inf, infinity_values=None, n_jobs=None): self.metric = metric self.homology_dimensions = homology_dimensions self.coeff = coeff self.epsilon = epsilon self.max_edge_length = max_edge_length self.infinity_values = infinity_values self.n_jobs = n_jobs
def _gudhi_diagram(self, X): Xdgms = pairwise_distances(X, metric=self.metric) sparse_rips_complex = SparseRipsComplex( distance_matrix=Xdgms, max_edge_length=self.max_edge_length, sparse=self.epsilon) simplex_tree = sparse_rips_complex.create_simplex_tree( max_dimension=max(self._homology_dimensions) + 1) Xdgms = simplex_tree.persistence( homology_coeff_field=self.coeff, min_persistence=0) # Separate diagrams by homology dimensions Xdgms = {dim: np.array([Xdgms[i][1] for i in range(len(Xdgms)) if Xdgms[i][0] == dim]).reshape((-1, 2)) for dim in self.homology_dimensions} if 0 in self._homology_dimensions: Xdgms[0] = Xdgms[0][1:, :] # Remove final death at np.inf # Add dimension as the third elements of each (b, d) tuple Xdgms = {dim: np.hstack([Xdgms[dim], dim * np.ones((Xdgms[dim].shape[0], 1), dtype=Xdgms[dim].dtype)]) for dim in self._homology_dimensions} return Xdgms
[docs] def fit(self, X, y=None): """Calculate :attr:`infinity_values_`. Then, return the estimator. This method is here to implement the usual scikit-learn API and hence work in pipelines. Parameters ---------- X : ndarray or list Input data representing a collection of point clouds or of distance matrices. Can be either a 3D ndarray whose zeroth dimension has size ``n_samples``, or a list containing ``n_samples`` 2D ndarrays. If ``metric == 'precomputed'``, elements of `X` must be square arrays representing distance matrices; otherwise, their rows are interpreted as vectors in Euclidean space and, when `X` is a list, warnings are issued when the number of columns (dimension of the Euclidean space) differs among samples. y : None There is no need for a target in a transformer, yet the pipeline API requires this parameter. Returns ------- self : object """ validate_params( self.get_params(), self._hyperparameters, exclude=['n_jobs']) self._is_precomputed = self.metric == 'precomputed' check_point_clouds(X, distance_matrix=self._is_precomputed) if self.infinity_values is None: self.infinity_values_ = self.max_edge_length else: self.infinity_values_ = self.infinity_values self._homology_dimensions = sorted(self.homology_dimensions) self._max_homology_dimension = self._homology_dimensions[-1] return self
[docs] def transform(self, X, y=None): """For each point cloud or distance matrix in `X`, compute the relevant persistence diagram as an array of triples [b, d, q]. Each triple represents a persistent topological feature in dimension q (belonging to `homology_dimensions`) which is born at b and dies at d. Only triples in which b < d are meaningful. Triples in which b and d are equal ("diagonal elements") may be artificially introduced during the computation for padding purposes, since the number of non-trivial persistent topological features is typically not constant across samples. They carry no information and hence should be effectively ignored by any further computation. Parameters ---------- X : ndarray or list Input data representing a collection of point clouds or of distance matrices. Can be either a 3D ndarray whose zeroth dimension has size ``n_samples``, or a list containing ``n_samples`` 2D ndarrays. If ``metric == 'precomputed'``, elements of `X` must be square arrays representing distance matrices; otherwise, their rows are interpreted as vectors in Euclidean space and, when `X` is a list, warnings are issued when the number of columns (dimension of the Euclidean space) differs among samples. y : None There is no need for a target in a transformer, yet the pipeline API requires this parameter. Returns ------- Xt : ndarray of shape (n_samples, n_features, 3) Array of persistence diagrams computed from the feature arrays or distance matrices in `X`. ``n_features`` equals :math:`\\sum_q n_q`, where :math:`n_q` is the maximum number of topological features in dimension :math:`q` across all samples in `X`. """ check_is_fitted(self) X = check_point_clouds(X, distance_matrix=self._is_precomputed) Xt = Parallel(n_jobs=self.n_jobs)( delayed(self._gudhi_diagram)(x) for x in X) Xt = _postprocess_diagrams(Xt, self._homology_dimensions, self.infinity_values_, self.n_jobs) return Xt
[docs] @staticmethod def plot(Xt, sample=0, homology_dimensions=None): """Plot a sample from a collection of persistence diagrams, with homology in multiple dimensions. Parameters ---------- Xt : ndarray of shape (n_samples, n_points, 3) Collection of persistence diagrams, such as returned by :meth:`transform`. sample : int, optional, default: ``0`` Index of the sample in `Xt` to be plotted. homology_dimensions : list, tuple or None, optional, default: ``None`` Which homology dimensions to include in the plot. ``None`` means plotting all dimensions present in ``Xt[sample]``. """ return plot_diagram( Xt[sample], homology_dimensions=homology_dimensions)
[docs]@adapt_fit_transform_docs class EuclideanCechPersistence(BaseEstimator, TransformerMixin, PlotterMixin): """:ref:`Persistence diagrams <persistence_diagram>` resulting from `Cech filtrations <TODO>`_. Given a :ref:`point cloud <finite_metric_spaces_and_point_clouds>` in Euclidean space, information about the appearance and disappearance of topological features (technically, :ref:`homology classes <homology_and_cohomology>`) of various dimensions and at different scales is summarised in the corresponding persistence diagram. Parameters ---------- homology_dimensions : list or tuple, optional, default: ``(0, 1)`` Dimensions (non-negative integers) of the topological features to be detected. coeff : int prime, optional, default: ``2`` Compute homology with coefficients in the prime field :math:`\\mathbb{F}_p = \\{ 0, \\ldots, p - 1 \\}` where :math:`p` equals `coeff`. max_edge_length : float, optional, default: ``numpy.inf`` Upper bound on the maximum value of the Vietoris–Rips filtration parameter. Points whose distance is greater than this value will never be connected by an edge, and topological features at scales larger than this value will not be detected. infinity_values : float or None, default: ``None`` Which death value to assign to features which are still alive at filtration value `max_edge_length`. ``None`` means that this death value is declared to be equal to `max_edge_length`. n_jobs : int or None, optional, default: ``None`` The number of jobs to use for the computation. ``None`` means 1 unless in a :obj:`joblib.parallel_backend` context. ``-1`` means using all processors. Attributes ---------- infinity_values_ : float Effective death value to assign to features which are still alive at filtration value `max_edge_length`. See also -------- VietorisRipsPersistence, SparseRipsPersistence, CubicalPersistence, ConsistentRescaling Notes ----- `GUDHI <https://github.com/GUDHI/gudhi-devel>`_ is used as a C++ backend for computing Cech persistent homology. Python bindings were modified for performance. Persistence diagrams produced by this class must be interpreted with care due to the presence of padding triples which carry no information. See :meth:`transform` for additional information. References ---------- [1] C. Maria, "Persistent Cohomology", 2020; `GUDHI User and Reference \ Manual <http://gudhi.gforge.inria.fr/doc/3.1.0/group__persistent_\ cohomology.html>`_. """ _hyperparameters = { 'homology_dimensions': { 'type': (list, tuple), 'of': { 'type': int, 'in': Interval(0, np.inf, closed='left')}}, 'coeff': {'type': int, 'in': Interval(2, np.inf, closed='left')}, 'max_edge_length': { 'type': Real, 'in': Interval(0, np.inf, closed='right')}, 'infinity_values': { 'type': (Real, type(None)), 'in': Interval(0, np.inf, closed='neither')}, }
[docs] def __init__(self, homology_dimensions=(0, 1), coeff=2, max_edge_length=np.inf, infinity_values=None, n_jobs=None): self.homology_dimensions = homology_dimensions self.coeff = coeff self.max_edge_length = max_edge_length self.infinity_values = infinity_values self.n_jobs = n_jobs
def _gudhi_diagram(self, X): cech_complex = CechComplex(points=X, max_radius=self.max_edge_length) simplex_tree = cech_complex.create_simplex_tree( max_dimension=max(self._homology_dimensions) + 1) Xdgms = simplex_tree.persistence( homology_coeff_field=self.coeff, min_persistence=0) # Separate diagrams by homology dimensions Xdgms = {dim: np.array([Xdgms[i][1] for i in range(len(Xdgms)) if Xdgms[i][0] == dim]).reshape((-1, 2)) for dim in self.homology_dimensions} if 0 in self._homology_dimensions: Xdgms[0] = Xdgms[0][1:, :] # Remove final death at np.inf # Add dimension as the third elements of each (b, d) tuple Xdgms = {dim: np.hstack([Xdgms[dim], dim * np.ones((Xdgms[dim].shape[0], 1), dtype=Xdgms[dim].dtype)]) for dim in self._homology_dimensions} return Xdgms
[docs] def fit(self, X, y=None): """Calculate :attr:`infinity_values_`. Then, return the estimator. This method is here to implement the usual scikit-learn API and hence work in pipelines. Parameters ---------- X : ndarray or list Input data representing a collection of point clouds. Can be either a 3D ndarray whose zeroth dimension has size ``n_samples``, or a list containing ``n_samples`` 2D ndarrays. The rows of elements in `X` are interpreted as vectors in Euclidean space and. and, when `X` is a list, warnings are issued when the number of columns (dimension of the Euclidean space) differs among samples. y : None There is no need for a target in a transformer, yet the pipeline API requires this parameter. Returns ------- self : object """ check_point_clouds(X) validate_params( self.get_params(), self._hyperparameters, exclude=['n_jobs']) if self.infinity_values is None: self.infinity_values_ = self.max_edge_length else: self.infinity_values_ = self.infinity_values self._homology_dimensions = sorted(self.homology_dimensions) self._max_homology_dimension = self._homology_dimensions[-1] return self
[docs] def transform(self, X, y=None): """For each point cloud in `X`, compute the relevant persistence diagram as an array of triples [b, d, q]. Each triple represents a persistent topological feature in dimension q (belonging to `homology_dimensions`) which is born at b and dies at d. Only triples in which b < d are meaningful. Triples in which b and d are equal ("diagonal elements") may be artificially introduced during the computation for padding purposes, since the number of non-trivial persistent topological features is typically not constant across samples. They carry no information and hence should be effectively ignored by any further computation. Parameters ---------- X : ndarray of shape (n_samples, n_points, n_dimensions) Input data representing a collection of point clouds. Can be either a 3D ndarray whose zeroth dimension has size ``n_samples``, or a list containing ``n_samples`` 2D ndarrays. The rows of elements in `X` are interpreted as vectors in Euclidean space and. and, when `X` is a list, warnings are issued when the number of columns (dimension of the Euclidean space) differs among samples. y : None There is no need for a target in a transformer, yet the pipeline API requires this parameter. Returns ------- Xt : ndarray of shape (n_samples, n_features, 3) Array of persistence diagrams computed from the feature arrays in `X`. ``n_features`` equals :math:`\\sum_q n_q`, where :math:`n_q` is the maximum number of topological features in dimension :math:`q` across all samples in `X`. """ check_is_fitted(self) X = check_point_clouds(X) Xt = Parallel(n_jobs=self.n_jobs)( delayed(self._gudhi_diagram)(x) for x in X) Xt = _postprocess_diagrams(Xt, self._homology_dimensions, self.infinity_values_, self.n_jobs) return Xt
[docs] @staticmethod def plot(Xt, sample=0, homology_dimensions=None): """Plot a sample from a collection of persistence diagrams, with homology in multiple dimensions. Parameters ---------- Xt : ndarray of shape (n_samples, n_points, 3) Collection of persistence diagrams, such as returned by :meth:`transform`. sample : int, optional, default: ``0`` Index of the sample in `Xt` to be plotted. homology_dimensions : list, tuple or None, optional, default: ``None`` Which homology dimensions to include in the plot. ``None`` means plotting all dimensions present in ``Xt[sample]``. """ return plot_diagram( Xt[sample], homology_dimensions=homology_dimensions)